Structural Biology

The study of the three-dimensional structure of biologically significant molecules and macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. The function of these molecules is largely determined by their 3D structures. By establishing their atomic structures, scientists can get important insights into how they operate and why mutations or deletions result in specific diseases. 

Cryo-electron microscopy, or cryo-EM, is one of the most potent tool used by structural biologists to see cells and molecules in their natural condition down to the near-atomic or atomic level, or roughly 1/10,000th the breadth of a human hair.

X-ray crystallography is another technique utilised by structural biologists. This technique demands crystallisation of target molecules and proteins of interest prior to bombardment with X-ray beams; the resulting images allow scientists to investigate their structure in great detail. It can be used to view both small and large molecules. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a third important technique in structural biology; it is used to determine the structures of very tiny proteins. NMR detects the magnetic fields surrounding the nuclei of atoms, providing scientists with insight into the distinctive characteristics of individual molecules.

How may structural biology contribute to enhancing human health?

When a molecule, such as a protein, becomes distorted, it is unable to perform its function, which can lead to system failures. The consequence may be disease. By disclosing the appearance of these molecules, structural biologists can build blueprints that aid in the construction of new, more effective pharmaceuticals for treating diseases and conditions like as asthma, cancer, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's.